HYDRODYNAMICS calculus & the birth of quantitative scientific theory continuous change/variation in time & space Descartes (1596-1650) Newton (1642-1727) Leibnitz (1646-1716) early fluid theory J Bernoulli (1667-1748) D Bernoulli (1700-1782) Euler (1707-1783) D'Alembert (1717-1783) mechanics dynamics of discrete objects Lagrange (1736-1813) Laplace (1749-1827) continuous/deformable media Gauss (1777-1855) Poisson (1781--1840) Navier (1785-1836) Cauchy (1789-1857) pre-flight fluid theory Stokes (1819-1903) Helmholtz (1821-1894) Kirchhoff (1824-1887) Kelvin (1824-1907) Reynolds (1842-1912) Rayleigh (1842-1919) Boussinesq (1842-1929)